What zero MDR costs the exchequer

Methodology

This index answers one question: what changes if India starts charging a merchant discount rate (MDR) on UPI. Every chart is chosen to isolate one input to that answer — how big the rail is, who it displaced, what the alternative rails cost, where the fee would land, and who pays for the rail today. UNITS. Indian official statistics are published in crore (10^7) and lakh crore (10^12) and are kept in those units rather than converted at a floating INR/USD rate, which would produce a derived number with no citable basis. The one exception is the network-scale chart, where crore is expressed in billions — a fixed decimal conversion, not an FX conversion. Cross-currency value comparisons are made in prose only. UPI ANNUAL SERIES. FY2016-17 and FY2025-26 are from the PIB decade release; FY2021-22 to FY2025-26 are from the Ministry of Finance Lok Sabha written reply of 20 July 2026. FY2017-18 to FY2020-21 are NOT in either government tabulation and are carried from a secondary academic restatement of the same NPCI monthly series. Those four points are the weakest on the page and are marked as such here rather than presented as equivalent to the parliamentary figures. CAVEAT — VOLUME VS VALUE. UPI volume grew ~12,000x and value ~4,000x over the decade. Any comparison of UPI against Visa or Mastercard must state which of the two it is using. UPI leads on transaction count and trails badly on value: UPI is 85% of India’s digital payment VOLUME but about 9% of its VALUE. Headlines that call UPI "bigger than Visa" are true on count and false on value. CAVEAT — INSTRUMENT SHIFT. The CY2019 vs CY2024 comparison mixes an RBI card series with an RBI/IBEF UPI series. Both are RBI Payment Systems Report derivatives on the same calendar-year basis, so the comparison holds, but they are not a single published table. CAVEAT — US FEE SERIES. The Nilson merchant-fee series has a gap between 2014 and 2022; the intervening annual figures are not in the cited releases and are OMITTED rather than interpolated. Read the chart as dated observations, not a continuous curve. The fee figure is total merchant processing cost (interchange + network + acquirer), which is a larger number than interchange alone. CAVEAT — COST PER SALE. The 2.36% US rate and the 0.25–0.5% proposed Indian rate are not like-for-like: the US figure is a realised average across an entire year of credit transactions, the Indian figure is a proposed headline rate on a subset of transactions above ₹2,000. The chart is a scale comparison, not a rate equivalence. CAVEAT — APP SHARES. The June 2026 NPCI app percentages are internally consistent; the per-app transaction counts published alongside them in the same source do not reconcile to the stated monthly total, so only the percentages are seeded. The ten listed apps sum to about 95.7%; the residual belongs to apps not individually disclosed and is OMITTED rather than shown as a synthetic "Other" slice. CAVEAT — MDR PROPOSAL STATUS. As of August 2026 the Taxation and Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026 creates the LEGAL FRAMEWORK to permit MDR; it does not itself impose one. The ₹2,000 threshold and the 0.25–0.5% band are reported proposals under consideration, not notified rates. Person-to-person transfers are not in scope of any published proposal. CAVEAT — CASH. Currency-to-GDP is a ratio, and it fell partly because nominal GDP grew, not only because cash use fell. Currency with the public more than doubled in absolute terms over the same period. Do not read the declining line as cash disappearing. Compiled and verified 2026-08-11.